Biography of Guglielmo Marconi, Italian Inventor

Guglielmo Marconi (April 25, 1874—July 20, 1937) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission, including the development of the first successful long-distance wireless telegraph in 1894 and the broadcast of the first transatlantic radio signal in 1901. Among many other awards, Marconi shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to radio communications. During the 1900s, Marconi Co. radios greatly facilitated ocean travel and helped to save hundreds of lives, including survivors of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912 and the RMS Lusitania in 1915. Fast Facts: Guglielmo Marconi Known For: Development of long-distance radio transmissionBorn: April 25, 1874 in Bologna, ItalyParents: Giuseppe Marconi and Annie JamesonDied: July 20, 1937 in Rome, ItalyEducation: Attended lectures at the University of BolognaPatents: US586193A (July 13, 1897): Transmitting Electrical SignalsAwards and Honors: 1909 Nobel Prize in PhysicsSpouses: Beatrice OBrien, Maria Cristina Bezzi-ScaliChildren: Degna Marconi, Gioia Marconi Braga, Giulio Marconi, Lucia Marconi, Maria Eletra Elena Anna MarconiNotable Quote: â€Å"In the new era, thought itself will be transmitted by radio.† Early Life Guglielmo Marconi was born in Bologna, Italy, on April 25, 1874. Born into Italian nobility, he was the second son of Italian country aristocrat Giuseppe Marconi and Annie Jameson, daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in County Wexford, Ireland. Marconi and his older brother Alfonso were raised by their mother in Bedford, England. Already interested in science and electricity, Marconi returned to Italy at age 18, where he was invited by his neighbor Augusto Righi, professor of physics at the University of Bologna and expert on the electromagnetic wave research of Heinrich Hertz, to attend lectures at the university and use its library and laboratories. While he never graduated from college, Marconi later attended classes at the Istituto Cavallero in Florence. In his 1909 Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Marconi humbly spoke of his lack of formal education. â€Å"In sketching the history of my association with radiotelegraphy, I might mention that I never studied physics or electrotechnics in the regular manner, although as a boy I was deeply interested in those subjects,† he said. In 1905, Marconi married his first wife, the Irish Artist Beatrice OBrien. The couple had three daughters, Degna, Gioia, and Lucia, and one son, Giulio before divorcing in 1924. In 1927, Marconi married his second wife, Maria Cristina Bezzi-Scali. They had one daughter together, Maria Elettra Elena Anna. Though he had been baptized as a Catholic, Marconi had been raised in the Anglican Church. Shortly before his marriage to Maria Cristina in 1927, he became and remained a devout member of the Catholic Church. Early Experiments in Radio While still a teenager in the early 1890s, Marconi began working on â€Å"wireless telegraphy,† the transmission and reception of telegraph signals without the connecting wires required by the electric telegraph that had been perfected in the 1830s by Samuel F.B. Morse. While numerous researchers and inventors had explored wireless telegraphy for over 50 years, none had yet created a successful device. A breakthrough came in 1888 when Heinrich Hertz demonstrated that â€Å"Hertzian† waves of electromagnetic radiation—radio waves—could be produced and detected in the laboratory. At age 20, Marconi began experimenting with Hertz’s radio waves in the attic of his home in Pontecchio, Italy. In the summer of 1894, assisted by his butler, he built a successful storm alarm that caused an electric bell to ring when it detected radio waves generated by distant lightning. In December 1894, still working in his attic, Marconi showed his mother a working radio transmitter and receiver that made a bell across the room ring by pushing a button located across the room. With the financial help of his father, Marconi continued to develop radios and transmitters capable of working over longer distances. By mid-1895, Marconi had developed a radio and radio antenna capable of transmitting radio signals outdoors, but only up to a distance of half-a-mile, the maximum possible distance predicted earlier by respected physicist Oliver Lodge. Guglielmo Marconi’s first radio transmitter (1895). Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain By tinkering with different types and heights of antennas, Marconi soon increased the range of his radio’s transmissions up to 2 miles (3.2 km) and began seeking the funding he needed to build the first complete, commercially successful, radio system. When his own Italian government showed no interest in funding his work, Marconi packed up his attic laboratory and moved back to England. Marconi Succeeds in England Shortly after he arrived in England in early 1896, the now 22-year old Marconi had no problem finding eager backers, particularly the British Post Office, where he received the assistance of post office chief engineer Sir William Preece. During the remainder of 1896, Marconi continued to extend the range of his radio transmitters, often by using kites and balloons to lift his antennas to greater heights. By the end of the year, his transmitters were able to send Morse code up to 4 miles (6.4 km) across the Salisbury Plain and 9 miles (14.5 km) over the waters of the Bristol Channel. By March 1897, Marconi had applied for his first British patents after demonstrating that his radio was capable of wireless transmission over a distance of 12 miles (19.3 km). In June of the same year, Marconi erected a radio transmitting station in La Spezia, Italy, that could communicate with Italian warships 11.8 miles (19 km) away. British Post Office Engineers Inspecting Marconis Radio Equipment, May 13, 1897. Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain In 1898, a wireless radio station Marconi had built on the Isle of Wight impressed Queen Victoria by allowing Her Majesty to communicate with her son Price Edward aboard the royal yacht. By 1899, Marconi’s radio signals were capable of spanning a 70-mile (113.4 km) portion of the English Channel. Marconi gained further notoriety when two U.S. ships used his radios to transmit results of the 1899 America’s Cup yacht races to New York newspapers. In 1900, the Marconi International Marine Communication Company, Ltd., began work on developing radios for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore transmissions. Also in 1900, Marconi was granted his famed British patent No. 7777 for Improvements in Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy. Intended to enhance previous developments in radio wave transmission patented by Sir Oliver Lodge and Nikola Tesla, Marconi’s â€Å"Four Sevens† patent enabled multiple radio stations to transmit simultaneously without interfering with each other by transmitting on different frequencies. First Transatlantic Radio Transmission Despite the ever-increasing range of Marconi’s radios, many physicists of the day contended that since radio waves traveled in a straight line, transmission of signals beyond the horizon—as in across the Atlantic Ocean—was impossible. Marconi, however, believed that radio waves followed the curvature of the earth. In fact, both were correct. While radio waves do travel in straight lines, they bounce, or â€Å"skip,† back toward the earth when they hit the ion-rich layers of the atmosphere collectively known as the ionosphere, thus approximating Marconi’s curve. By utilizing this skip effect, it is possible for radio signals to be received over great, â€Å"over-the-horizon† distances.   After Marconi’s first attempts at receiving radio signals sent from England some 3,000 miles (4,800 km) away in Cape Cod, Massachusetts failed, he decided to try a shorter distance, from Poldhu, Cornwall on the southwestern tip of England, to St. John’s, Newfoundland on the northeast coast of Canada. Guglielmo Marconi Preparing for First Transatlantic Radio Transmission, December 1901. Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain In Cornwall, Marconi’s team turned on a radio transmitter so powerful it was said to have sent out foot-long sparks. At the same time, atop Signal Hill, near St. John’s in Newfoundland, Marconi powered on his receiver attached to a long-wire antenna hanging from a kite at the end of a 500-foot-long tether. At approximately 12:30 pm on December 12, 1901, Marconi’s receiver in Newfoundland picked up groups of three Morse code dots—the letter S—being sent from the transmitter in Cornwall, some 2,200 miles (3,540 km) away. The achievement ushered in period rapid advances in the field of radio communications and navigation. Further Advancements Over the next 50 years, Marconi’s experiments led to a greater understanding of how radio signals traveled, or â€Å"propagated,† around the Earth through the atmosphere. While sailing on the U.S. ocean liner Philadelphia in 1902, Marconi discovered that he could receive radio signals from a distance of 700 miles (1,125 km) during the day and from 2,000 miles (3,200 km) at night. He thus discovered how the atomic process known as â€Å"ionization,† combined with sunlight affects the way in which radio waves are reflected back to earth by the upper regions of the atmosphere. In 1905, Marconi developed and patented the horizontal directional antenna, which further extended the radio’s range by focusing the transmitter’s energy toward the specific location of the receiver. In 1910, he received messages in Buenos Aires, Argentina, sent from Ireland, some 6,000 miles (9,650 km) away. Finally, on September 23, 1918, two messages sent from the Marconi radio station in Wales, England, were received some 10,670 miles (17,170 km) away in Sydney, Australia. Marconi and the Titanic Disaster By 1910, Marconi Company radiotelegraph sets, operated by trained â€Å"Marconi Men,† had become standard equipment on virtually all oceangoing passenger and freight ships. When the RMS Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg just before midnight on April 14, 1912, its Marconi Company telegraph operators Jack Phillips and Harold Bride were able to direct the RMS Carpathia to the scene in time to save some 700 people. On June 18, 1912, Maroni testified on the role of wireless telegraphy in maritime emergencies before a Court of Inquiry into the sinking of the Titanic. Upon hearing his testimony, Britain’s postmaster-general stated of the disaster, â€Å"Those who have been saved, have been saved through one man, Mr. Marconi ... and his marvelous invention.† Later Life and Death In the two decades following the Titanic disaster, Marconi worked to increase the range of his radios, often testing them while sailing aboard his elegant 700-ton yacht, the Elettra. In 1923, he joined the Italian Fascist party and was appointed to the Fascist Grand Council by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in 1930. In 1935, he toured Europe and Brazil to defend Mussolini’s invasion of Abyssinia. Though a member of Italy’s Fascist Party since 1923, Marconi’s passion for fascist ideology grew during his later years. In a 1923 lecture, he stated, â€Å"I reclaim the honor of being the first fascist in the field of radiotelegraphy, the first who acknowledged the utility of joining the electric rays in a bundle, as Mussolini was the first in the political field who acknowledged the necessity of merging all the healthy energies of the country into a bundle, for the greater greatness of Italy.† Marconi died of a heart attack at age 63 on July 20, 1937, in Rome. The Italian government honored him with an ornate state funeral, and at 6 pm on July 21, radio stations in America, England, Italy, and on all ships at sea broadcast two minutes of silence in his honor. Today, a monument to Marconi is located in the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence, but he is buried in Sasso, Italy, near his hometown of Bologna. Despite Marconi’s achievements, however, his popularly accepted designation as the â€Å"Father of Radio† was and continues to be hotly contested. As early as 1895, physicists Alexander Popov and Jagdish Chandra Bose had demonstrated the short-range sending and receiving of radio waves. In 1901, electrical pioneer Nikola Tesla claimed to have developed a working wireless telegraph as early as 1893. In 1943, the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated Marconi’s 1904 U.S. version of his 7777 British patent—U.S. patent No. 763,772—ruling that it had been superseded by radio-tuning devices developed by Tesla and others. The ruling led to the ongoing and undecided argument of whether Marconi or Nikola Tesla had actually invented the radio. Honors and Awards Marconi received many honors in recognition of his achievements. For the development of wireless telegraphy, he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics with German physicist Karl F. Braun, the inventor of the cathode ray tube. In 1919, he was appointed as one of Italy’s voting delegates to the Paris peace conference after the end of World War I. In 1929, Marconi was made a nobleman and appointed to the Italian senate, and in 1930, he was chosen as president of the Royal Italian Academy. On February 12, 1931, Marconi personally introduced the first Vatican radio broadcast by a Pope, Pope Pius XI. With Pius XI standing beside him at the microphone, Marconi stated, â€Å"With the help of God, who places so many mysterious forces of nature at mans disposal, I have been able to prepare this instrument which will give to the faithful of the entire world the joy of listening to the voice of the Holy Father.† Sources Simons, R.W. Guglielmo Marconi and Early Systems of Wireless Communication. GEC Review, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1996.The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909: Guglielmo Marconi - Biographical.â€Å" NobelPrize.org.†Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921â€Å" Elsevier Publishing Company. Amsterdam. (1967).†Guglielmo Marconi - Nobel Lectureâ€Å" NobelPrize.org. (December 11, 1909).Radio falls silent for death of Marconi. The Guardian. (July 20, 1937).â€Å"Guglielmo Marconi: radio star.† PhysicsWorld (November 30, 2001).†Marconi forged today’s interconnected world of communicationâ€Å" New Scientist. (August 10, 2016).Kelly, Brian. 80 Years of Vatican Radio, Pope Pius XI and Marconi Catholicism.org. (February 18, 2011).

Native America, Discovered and Conquered Manifest Destiny

Man has always had the desire to expand, venture forth to develop greater wealth. With the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory and the prospects of future land acquisition, Americans used the idea of Manifest Destiny to justify their actions for moving westward and their treatment of Native Americans. The idea of Manifest Destiny was created directly by the European-used Doctrine of Discovery and industrialization; this direct correlation was proven to be true from the verdict of the court case Johnson v. M’Intosh. The term â€Å"Manifest Destiny† was never actually used until 1845, but the idea was always implied from the Doctrine of Discovery. Without understanding the Doctrine, it is impossible to understand the reasons and†¦show more content†¦Johnson and Graham â€Å"inherited† the land from William Murray, who bought the land directly from the Native Americans who previously occupied the land. So, did Murray have the right to purchase land direc tly from the indians and in turn leave it to future generations, or was this act illegal and void? The court ruled in favor of M’Intosh by outlining key points in the Doctrine of Discovery. The courts Chief Justice, John Marshall, came to this conclusion based on how the English Crown had absolute title in Indian lands, which America inherited, and â€Å"discovery gave exclusive title to those who made it†(as cited in Miller 52-53). So even though the Indians still had the right to occupy and sell their lands, the nation that now ruled them could overturn their decisions because of their lack of sovereignty, all outlined in the Doctrine of Discovery. With these ideas instilled in the minds of Americans, Thomas Jefferson and Meriwether Lewis put their trust in technological advancements to aid in expansion. These advancements fueled the desire for expansion. One is the steamboat, which was first launched onto the Mississippi River and aided settlers in arriving to the a rea known as the Louisiana Purchase.The success of the steamboat fueled the want for further expansion, which manifested into railroads. These together aided in the â€Å"march of the United States via Manifest Destiny†¦to the Oregon country†(Miller 117). The Doctrine of Discovery became Manifest Destiny at thisShow MoreRelatedManifest Destiny Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesManifest Destiny affect on Modern United States During the mid 1800’s America was at a peak of nationalism, which involved their religious beliefs. Manifest destiny describes the attitude of a white man in America during the 19th century, involving their desire for evangelization, white supremacy, and westward expansion. To a majority of the Americans, manifest destiny was a proud accomplishment they would be faced with. 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Rear Window Free Essays

Lauren Riley Professor Piana February 26, 2012 Rear Window Last class we viewed the film called Rear Window. The main plot behind this film is the main character, Jefferies, has a broken leg therefore he has to spend 6 weeks in a wheelchair in his apartment. The one form of entertainment he has is to window watch all his neighbors. We will write a custom essay sample on Rear Window or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jefferies has a girlfriend named Lisa but tells his nurse that he does not want to marry her. After a few weeks Jefferies catches onto his neighbors business. He seems to think one of his neighbors named Thorwall murdered his wife. He gets this perception from weapons being brought into the apartment and a random disappearance of his wife, while some of her belongings stay at the apartment. From here he spends the rest of his time trying to solve this â€Å"murder† mystery. He gets help from his girlfriend, a friend and his nurse. Towards the end of the movie the action increases dramatically. Lisa sneaks into Thorwall’s apartment to look for evidence of the murder. While she is in their Thorwall comes back and finds her in his apartment and begins to beat her. The police are then called and Lisa is brought to jail for trespassing. Next Thorwall sneaks into Jefferies apartment and begins to beat him up even though Jefferies is helpless because of his leg. He then pushes him out the window and survives but then breaks his other leg and has to go 6 more weeks’ window watching in his apartment. Important scenes play a big role in films. The first important scene is when Jefferies first discovers Thorwall’s wife is gone. This is when he comes up with the idea of the murder. This is the scene that begins the conflict in the film. Another important scene is when Lisa sneaks into Thorwall’s apartment and gets caught. This scene is the climax of the film. A final important scene is when Lisa is let out of jail and the policeman catch Jefferies out of the window and he breaks his other leg, this shows irony and a predicted future for him. Throughout films we see repeated elements. First we see girls wearing dresses. Back then girls were always dressed nicely. This is repeated throughout the whole film. A big element repeated is when Thorwall leaves his apartment 3 different times during one night when it was rainy out. He has his suitcase with him every time as well. This portrayed the first image of suspicion. Another repeated prop was binoculars. This was important because it helped them figure out the murder case and was an essential tool in this film. This film portrayed neighborly conflict. As we have seen in prior films, everyone must love they neighbor. I believe this was broken in this film. First we see someone’s dog was killed and she immediately starts blaming and asking which neighbor killed her dog. Another time where we don’t see loving neighbors is when Thorwall uses violence against Lisa and Jefferies. Respect for neighbors was not followed in this film. Within this film we see a lot of marital and serious relationships. We are portrayed with the image that the girl cooks dinner for the man every night and sets up a nice table and helps him relax after a long days of work. Unfortunately Jefferies sees a lot of this, but continues to believe in not marrying Lisa. Towards the end of the movie though his perspective changes. It shows Lisa and Jefferies happily relaxing in his apartment together. Within this film Hitchcock used Montage editing. This was a new concept back then and Hitchcock did a fantastic job using it. We saw frames from lots of different angels and frames put in order to create meaning. How to cite Rear Window, Papers

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats - Solution on All

Question: Conduct a SWOT analysis of presentation skills. Answer: SWOT analysis of presentation skills Strengths Prepare presentation framework: Before giving the presentation I prefer preparing a framework of the presentation along with information and practice the delivery of the same within time limits. Voice modulation: One of my major strengths is my ability to modulate the voice during the presentation process. This removes the monotony during the presentation (Coughter, 2012). Positive body language: Engaging and positive body language allows the presenter to make a connection with the audience. I have the ability to maintain continuous eye contact with the audience while delivering the speech. Use visual slides: I generally use graphical representations, diagrams and engaging pictures within the slides in order to depict my presentation. This makes the slides attractive and retains the focus of the audience. Weaknesses Lack of confidence: The major weakness is in the lack of confidence which leads to anxiety and stage fear at the time o individual presentations. Lack of concentration: The distraction within the audience leads to loss of concentration. This leads in loss of presentation track and I tend to forget some important key points within the presentation. Difficulties in public speaking: Although I have no issues with public speaking however I tend to give fast speeches which leads to loss of presentation value within the audience (Foster Foster, 2012). Opportunities Engaging in professional trainings: In the present scenario it is possible to become a good presenter with the help of professional training institutes. Threats Competition: Presentations are a continuous part of the modern multinational companies hence majority of the professionals are training to be good presenters hence the competition has increased within the market scenario. Situations of embarrassment: Another threat is the personal embarrassment which the individual has to face if the presentation is not up to the mark. Areas of improvement The two major areas of improvement can be improving the confidence level and reduction of the stage fear and secondly improving the speech skills during the presentation. The improvement of the speech skills is very important so that the audience is able to grasp the content of the presentation. Moreover by increasing the confidence level I will be able to become a smart and efficient presenter. Strategies to enhance the weaknesses For the improvement purpose of the speech I will adopt the speech therapy trainings. This will enable me to make my speech clearer and I will be able to deliver the slides slowly and meaningfully (Bertelsen, 2012). Secondly I will adopt certain self assessment and self encouragement strategies in order to increase my confidence level. References Bertelsen, B. (2012). Everything you need to know about SWOT analysis. [Newmarket, Ont.]: BrainMass Inc. Coughter, P. (2012). The art of the pitch. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Foster, J., and Foster, J. (2012). Writing skills for public relations. London: Kogan Page.

Total Quality Management and Malaysia Airlines Essay Example

Total Quality Management and Malaysia Airlines Essay VOLUME 4 NUMBER 6 1994 CELEBRATE ANDRECORD Malaysia Airlines Corporate Vision and Service Quality Strategy Abdullah Mat Zaid Malaysia Airlines vision is to become An Airline of Excellence, offering the very best to its passengers in terms of safety, comfort, service and punctuality. This vision was amplified by our chairman in the companys 20th anniversary commemorations in October 1992. The mission has been stated in three main thrusts as follows: (1) To make Malaysia Airlines one of the leading standard bearers for the airline industry in terms of safety, efficiency and quality of service. ) To develop Kuala Lumpur as the preferred gateway into Malaysia and the South-East Asia region. (3) To make Kuala Lumpur a major cargo transhipment area for the Asia-Pacific rim. Among the key initiatives taken to meet our mission for the future are a fleet modernization and network expansion programme, an upgrading of our in-house maintenance and engineering facilities, development of modern in frastructure and computer systems and training and developing of personnel to meet the needs of the future. In addition, top management has refocused its goal on creating a customer-driven and quality-oriented ulture in the launching of the company-wide Destination Service Excellence (DSE) programme in July 1991. (The DSE programme is an extension of Total Quality Management to provide a clear focus on customer requirements at the heart of Duslness processes In Malaysia Alrllnes ana to create a quality service culture through internal communications and human relations management practices which can firmly reflect the importance the company places on good customer service. At the second DSE Convention held by Malaysia Airlines in October last year, which carried the theme Enhancing World Class Quality hrough Competitiveness, our chairman Tan Sri Zain Azraai inspired the employees by reiterating top managements commitment to the vision for Malaysia Airlines to become An Airline of Excellence. We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Management and Malaysia Airlines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Management and Malaysia Airlines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Management and Malaysia Airlines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tan Sri Zain stressed that in any organization there are four areas within that paradigm of Total Quality which emphasize continuous improvement which need to be addressed: (1) The individual in an organization: it has been said that the key to creating a Total Quality organization is first to create a Total Quality person who uses a true-north compass that is objective. This compass is used to find and ocus on the organizations future direction. 2) Managerial effectiveness: which is basically to nurture a win-win partnership between the individual and the organization, and between the organization and its customers. (3) Organizational productivity: for which quality should be seen to start from the top. The leadership of the organization must be intimately involved to see that the quality paradigm is planted into the minds and hearts of all staff. (4) The non-human side of the organization: in terms of equipment, facilities, processes and systems; these also contribute to the custom ers impression about the type of uality to expect of the company. In the concluding part of his address, Tan Sri Zain said that the DSE programme is a philosophy, a paradigm of continuous improvement which is not the programme of the company but the philosophy and value of everyone in the company. He summed up: It has been said that Quality will give an lnOlvlOual or organlzatlon a long-term competltlve advantage. And if it is in the character of the individual and in the culture of the organization, it cannot be duplicated by anyone. Our managing director, Dato Kamaruddin Ahmad also offered some pertinent directions to he participants at the convention with his statement of the challenges facing the company and the service quality strategy which has been developed. The Malaysia Airlines service quality strategy which he articulated is briefly as follows. The first step Malaysia Airlines took in developing a service strategy was the embarkation Managing Service Quality, Vol. 4 No. , 1994, pp. 11-15 MCB university press, 0960-4529 11 MANAGING SERVIC E QUALITY on a company-wide thrust towards service excellence, when the DSE programme took off in July 1991 to position the airline as An Airline of Excellence in the Asia-Pacific region. This strategy has lately been reinforced by a comprehensive review of the companys business processes so as to align the people and systems components of the business process with the customer-driven strategy. The service quality strategy addresses two main thrusts. (1) To reinforce the Total Quality philosophy in the Malaysia Airlines service culture through the springboard of TQM. The philosophy embraces the concept of quality in everything we do, including decision-making, work processes, work environment, teamwork and so on. (2) To improve customers perceived quality of Malaysia Airlines. This covers both the technical and functional aspects of our service offerings. tlquette ana nanollng customer complalnts Employees have also passed through the Quality Improvement Team (QIT) training programmes under the DSE project, and employees have taken the initiative to form cross-functional action teams to identify specific problems in quality or service in their working environment and to propose solutions to management. These action teams help to promote a quality culture in the company by inculcating cross-functional improvement processes which make quality customer service an ngoing agenda in the company. We believe that the more that service quality is discussed within the company, the greater the understanding will be of what it means in the dayto-day working environment of the employees and the better the company will be in achieving it. We are still a long way from saying that the DSE quality customer service approach has been completely integrated into the company, but what we are clearly seeing is a significant transformation of the corporate culture that is becoming more customer driven and quality oriented. Reinforcing the Corporate Culture to Foster Change Communicating Externally with Customers While setting the right corporate culture is crucial to achieving good service quality through internal communication processes to motivate employees and to ensure that the companys aspirations are well understood by everyone, we have also to communicate externally to ensure that customers understand what the company is offering in terms of service, to manage their expectations and to persuade them to buy our service. This external communication process forms an important part of managing the evidence by providing tangible clues to help customers, as well as employees, form the ight mental picture of the intangible service offered by Malaysia Airlines. An example is in advertisements which feature employees to show to customers the importance of service through people, but advertising is only one of the ways in which external communications can help to Improve tne customers perception 0T quall Conscious efforts are being made to reinforce the customer-driven focus and quality-orientation conveyed in top managements vision for excellence to all employees. The DSE programme forms the main vehicle for company-wide definition and understanding of the shared values hrough top-down communication as exemplified in the management speeches at DSE conventions, as well as bottom-up communication of departmental missions and quality improvement projects to the DSE Council chaired by the managing director from time to time. Values are also shared through other internal communications processes such as the in-house newsletter (Berita MAS), by way of reports on the progress of service initiatives and to publicize the achievements of employees who have provided excellent service to customers. The in-house newsletter also features a column called From the MDs Desk which serves as a regular reminder to all employees on examples regarding the right way to satisfy customers and to provide top-quality service. External speakers have also been invited from top-quality organizations such as IBM and Shell to share their experiences on service quality with our employees at Saturday Encounters held from time to time. To help employees understand better what is expected of them in terms of serving customers, training programmes have been conducted for employees at all levels to educate them on what quality customer service is at Malaysia Airlines nd on basic service standards such as telephone Malaysia Airlines Advertisements The advertising medium plays a major role in Malaysia Airlines communication strategy but other media are also used such as press releases, the in-flight magazine Wings of Gold, familiarization tours of Malaysia Airlines facilities for travel agents, Journalists and the general public, and so on. Malaysla Alrllnes launcnea two major advertising campaigns in October last year for both the domestic and international markets. 12 enhance the recall value of the commercial as well as to create an airline advertisement that is clearly ifferentiated from others. The 9()-second commercial has received overwhelming praise from both industry sources as well as the public at large since it was launched last September. It is said to be the most ambitious television commercial ever undertaken by an advertiser in Asia, using state-ofthe-art visual effects developed by a company owned by George Lucas and Lucas Film Ltd, which won 12 Oscar awards for block-buster films such as Star Wars and ET and is also responsible for the box-office success Jurassic Park. The Care commercial was aimed at the local Malaysian market reinforcing a promise Malaysia Airlines has always nurtured since the company was incepted in 1971. The Care positioning theme promised the level of caring that goes into every aspect of handling the diverse needs and expectations of our passengers. A woman is seen anguishing over her pet budgerigars that are being carted into cargo, a pregnant woman needs help with her luggage, an old woman is rather bewildered and a child is separated from her parents in the mad rush to catch the flight. As usual, with ease and sincerity, the calm and caring staff from Malaysia Airlines sort and iron out all the problems captured at the moments of truth. Staff involvement is crucial towards underlining the credibility of the advertising message which is why, for the first time, more than 60 staff participated in the first of the series titled Care. In addition to the Care commercial, three other commercials have been developed on the themes of Reunion, Mulu and Special Fares. The Reunion commercial shares happy moments 0T Tamlly reunions among Malayslans. q The Mulu commercial demonstrates the extensive network served by Malaysia Airlines domestically. q The Special Fares features some 40 different choices available for Malaysians to fly around he country on economical value-added fares. The underlying promise conveyed in these commercials is to show that Malaysia Airlines cares, and that the new advertisements are not cosmetic, in line with the companys Destination Service Excellen ce strategy. The main thrust of the international advertising campaign titled Vision was to project the size and stature of Malaysia Airlines in a futuristic sense which reflects a modern, global and futuristic mental picture of the airline in the minds of the target consumers. The futuristic strataport is in the aerodynamic shape of Malaysia Airlines kite logo to symbolize he modernity and expansion of the airline and this vision is used as the springboard to convey a thousand dream flights. The Nision commercial also conveys the message that Malaysia Airlines has made great leaps forward from its previous stature as a relatively young airline, in that it now carries more passengers than any other airline from South-East Asia on some of todays most advanced aircraft, and spans a truly international network of 90 destinations across five continents. Also, to reflect the Malaysian character of the Vision commercial, a large number of Malaysia Airlines in-flight crew and Malaysian actors were nvolved in the lead roles for the advertisement. The computer-generated visual presentation of Malaysia Airlines as a futuristic airline helps to New Uniforms for Front-line Employees By managing the tangibles associated with the service experience, marketers have the opportunity to reinforce other service quality dimensions with a quality look not necessarily by looking expensive or elegant but by paying attention to basics such as cleanliness, orderliness and customer-friendly systems to the extent that such tangible evidence is approprlate to tne target market ana overall service strategy. This means attention to the smallest detail that competitors might consider trivial and unworthy of investment. Yet, it is the visible details that can add up for customers and signal a strong message of caring and competence. Malaysia Airlines experience in presenting a quality look as a component of its service quality strategy extends through many areas in the physical environment of the airline, including the decor of its front-office ticketing counters, its Golden Lounges at the airports, the cabin interior of its aircraft, the uniforms of its cabin crew and other frontline staff, he presentation of in-flight meals, the appearance of our check-in counters, and so on. Besides modernizing the aircraft fleet with the latest new generation 8747-400, A330 and 8737400/500 aircraft, Malaysia Airlines has implemented a new quality appearance for all frontliners since last year by introducing a collection of new uniforms for cabin crew and counter staff designed by Gherardini of Italy. While the timeless sarung kebaya with batik motifs has been retained for female staff, uniforms for the male staff have for the first time in 17 years seen a visible change to a style that is more in vogue. Quality Meals In the many other little things that we do that present a quality look to our passengers, I can draw from the example of the award Malaysia Airlines received from Inflight Research Services of London last year ranking Malaysia Airlines top in First Class service from a survey of 31 international airlines. 13 Malaysia Airlines scored highest in three service dimensions of cabin crew courtesy, meal presentation and quality of meals served. In the area of meal presentation, Malaysia Airlines excelled mainly because of the great attention given to the Tlner eta a 11S 0T tne meal presentatlon, e. . : Presentation of the bar service, with a good selection of internationally known liqueurs, wines and champagnes served by experienced and capable cabin staff. q Branded quality glasses, plates, bowls and cutlery which carried a good and consistent corporate image, presenting a pleasing and exclusive feel to the First-class cabin. In particular, Malaysia Airlines uses cut glass fo r its First-class drink service, and it was revealed that less than 25 per cent of the airlines surveyed offer this extra touch of exclusivity. Presentation of salt, pepper and butter is of a very good standard and appearance unlike everal airlines which make use of plastic cartons for butter and paper sachets for salt and pepper. In the case of the quality of meals served, this pertained mainly to the condition and appearance of the food at the point of service rather than the type of food served on board. Malaysia Airlines was ranked top on quality of meals served in terms of the meals being served in the best condition, that is the food served was fresh and appealing and retained a good flavour and appearance. Kuala Lumpur and London since last October. This is basically a standard tray set-up service which is vailable to those passengers who do not wish to go through the standard full-course supper service for First Class, which is otherwise delivered on a service trolley. The quick meal option is timed especially for flights departing around midnight to cater to those passengers who wish to have a quick supper and go to sleep. This meal service alternative was introduced based on feedback obtained from Malaysia Airlines Esteemed Travellers (MET) who attend special MET luncheons and food-tasting sessions organized by the airline. In view of the favourable response from passengers, this quick meal option was extended to ther flights in our menu change for the summer 1994 season. Prompt Meal servlce Tor en u Class Passengers We have also made improvements to service procedures for those passengers travelling in Golden Club Class. This has resulted in a reduction of the service delivery time by more than 25 per cent to about 1. 5 hours, without affecting the quality of service. Beverage Service on Cart for Economy Class Passengers This is another improvement we have made for the Economy Class passengers which was implemented in the summer 1994 season. Previously, our cabin crew offered Juice and beer s standard choices for after-take-off beverages in the Economy Class while passenger requests for other drinks were entertained separately. The new service for beverages to be delivered on the cart will offer passengers the drink of their choice on the cart without their having to wait for a separate Flexible Menu Policy Continuous improvements are being made to the in-flight menu, in keeping with the new menu policy (started last year) to increase the cycle of change to meet the changing needs and expectations of customers, based on feedback from voyage reports and passengers. This new policy reates better flexibility in customizing to the different tastes and preferences of the passengers by offering a greater variety of meal combinations, a more extensive range of appetizers, and creative food preparations with the aim of being on par with the cuisine served in excellent hotels. The new menus for international flights feature a variety of tastes and flavours of Malay, Chinese, Caribbean and Mediterranean cuisines. The health aspect of travellers has also not been ignored, due attention being given to low-fat content, calorie count and cholesterol levels in the menu preparation. Cabin Crew Proficiency in Foreign

Example Letter to Senator Regarding STD Prevention

Example Letter to Senator Regarding STD Prevention Free Online Research Papers Example Letter to Senator Regarding STD Prevention Ms. Senator, In order to better prepare you for your decision regarding the abstinence-only sex education funding, let me provide you with some background information about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Once you have a clear understanding about STDs, I will compare the costs, benefits and effectiveness of the abstinence-only programs versus safe-sex programs. As soon these issues are explained I will present a recommendation for your vote on the issue. The term sexually transmitted disease encompasses a large variety of diseases, all of which have two similar characteristics. In order to be classified as an STD, a disease must be both contagious and have the ability to spread through sexual contact (Campbell 2004). All STDs fall into 1 of 4 categories: viral, bacterial, protozoan and fungal (Campbell 2004). Modern medicine currently can generally cure all of these STD types except the viral type (Campbell 2004). Some of the major viral STDs affecting the U.S. include genital herpes, genital warts, AIDS and HIV infection (Campbell 2004). The most common bacterial, protozoan or fungal STDs in the U.S. are chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis and yeast infections (Campbell 2004). Although many forms of STDs can be cured, STDs still remain a major public health concern according to the Center for Disease Control, or the CDC (Trends 2005). In the 2004 STD Surveillance Report, the center reports that STDs not only causing substantial health problems to victims in the U.S., but considerable psychological and financial expenses as well. One estimate found in this article suggests that medical costs associated with STDs total 13 billion dollars annually (Trends 2005). Despite the progress made in the U.S. in terms of diagnosing and treating many types of STDs, the CDC estimates that there are still 19 million new infections each year, with almost half of these infections occurring in people ages 15-24 (Trends 2005). Now that you have some of the relevant information regarding this issue, I will discuss and compare the two programs that are attempting to prevent the spreading of STDs. In 2004, the federal government funded three programs which were dedicated to teaching the benefits of abstinence-only behavior to teens (Fact 2004). In accordance with federal regulation, these programs are designed to educate teens on the basics of sexual intercourse, while promoting the benefits of abstinence. These programs receive more than 165 million a year in federal grants, funds, and resources (Fact 2004). The primary benefit of these programs is that they focus on abstinence which is biologically and scientifically more effective for avoiding STDs than any contraceptive (Campbell 2004). Additionally, in recent years one study shows teen sex rates dropping from 54 percent in 1991 to 47 percent in 2003 (Maher 2005). However, this progress can not be solely attributed to abstinence-only programs, as other comprehensive sexual education programs have contributed to this accomplishment (Fact 2004). In fact, even though abstinence programs have demonstrated effectiveness in the delaying of sexual intercourse, studies have shown that federally funded abstinence-only programs either neglect to teach about the use of contraceptives, or censor vital information about these resources (Fact 2004). The instructors neglect to present this information because they fear increased failure rates in abstinent-only programs as a result of teaching about the benefits of contraception (Fact 2004). Studies by such groups as the CDC have shown that teens who were involved in abstinence-only programs are statistically less likely to use contraception during intercourse and therefore inc rease their chances of transmitting/receiving infection as a result (Fact 2004). According to the Heritage Research Organization, over 653 million dollars was spent on the federal government for safe-sex or contraceptive programs in 2002 (Pardue 2004). Through examination of these program types, the biggest downfall is that studies have shown that teens may leave with the idea that it is acceptable to have sexual relations (Federal 1997). However, many safe-sex programs around the country teach abstinence as a possible solution for avoiding STDs, in addition to other contraceptive methods (Federal 1997). This allows for safe-sex program to utilize the benefits of abstinence and contraception. The primary benefit of contraceptive programs is they have been scientifically proven to be more effective than abstinent-only programs in terms of lowering the chances of risky sexual behavior (NIH 2004). This idea has gained strong support in the scientific community by agencies such as The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the American Medical Association (AMA ) (Fact 2004). For example, in 1997, an independent panel (convened by the NIH) released scientific studies which concluded that safe-sex programs are more effective in reducing precarious sexual behavior in both teen and adult populations (NIH 2004). This outcome is attributed by researchers to the ability of comprehensive safe-sex programs to delay the first instance of intercourse, reduce the total number of sexual partners, and increase rate of contraceptive usage among teens (Fact 2004). Furthermore, studies have shown that the majority of parents and teachers desire for their kids to receive information about the use of contraceptives. After analyzing the data concerning this case, I recommend eliminating federal funding for abstinence-only programs. Based on the facts, the money allocated to these programs would be better spent on safe-sex education (NIH 2004). This idea is backed by an overwhelming majority of parents and teachers, as well as many of the largest health organizations and scientific communities in the U.S. (Fact 2004). In conclusion, it is our responsibility to protect the youth from the dangers of STDs. To do this we must equip them with the tools necessary to make informed decisions. Science has proven the most effective way of achieving this goal is through the use comprehensive safe-sex programs. Sincerly, Jon Doe Research Papers on Example Letter to Senator Regarding STD PreventionInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is Art

Harley Davidson marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Harley Davidson marketing plan - Essay Example This study aims to provide a complete marketing plan and strategy for bringing Harley on the UK market segment. The plan is to include marketing principles, tools and models to bring effective outcomes for the future market growth and valuation. The study will analyze the segments of environment, market structure, competition and organizations key functions to comprise a deliberate market plan for the respective three years period. The study will include two parts, the first will have a market analysis and the second will have the actual plan to get applied on the market circumstances (Grant, 2004). Company Profile and Background Harley-Davidson mostly symbolized by H-D is an American based company, heading forward since the start of 20th century with Harley Classic Motorbikes. With a strong market share of 10.77 Billion, the brand is on its march in the United States market, a market where the brand took its origin and got recognized from the very first Harley lovers (Leffingwell, 2 003). The specialty lies in the Harley heavy-bikes and Harley classic models which are on an esteem of Harley patrons. It is one of the brands that survived the period of low quality control and competition from the Japanese rivalries, which shows corporation’s diversified approach to deal with market challenges (Grant, 2004). A distinctive class like a class of luxury stands out for the upcoming models of Harley motorbikes. This shows that there is a strong commitment which Harley customers show to Harley products and services (Grant, 2004). According to Jim Ziemer (Former President at Harley Davidson Inc), â€Å"It is a unique brand that is built on personal relationship and deep connections with customers, unmatched riding experiences, and proud history† (Qumer & Purkayastha, 2012). It is in the trend and culture of Harley Davidson that they have been producing designer based luxury bikes. In Harley’s models there is an exclusivity of heavyweight, cruiser, to uring and custom motorbikes, which are always overwhelming and astonishing for the luxury bike lovers. With heavy design attribute, Harley has been able to inspire the motorbike brand industry, as the designs are enough to amaze and surprise the motorbike branders (Leffingwell, 2003). The design includes heavy customization, which has become Harley’s attraction point for selling its new brand models. No matter where Harley has been intruding like in Argentina, Aruba, Germany, Australia, Chile, China or Costa rice, there heavyweight design attribute has been the trade mark to lead out the brand on diversified markets (Walker & Broughton, 2010). It is one culture that started from classic Harleys (early 20th century) and then transferred to second and third generations of Harley Davidson motorbikes (Scott, 2008). With the rise there has been falls too which Harley experienced in its business journey. It was the year 2009, when reports indicated a loss of US$ 55.1 million in Har ley Davidson m

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Historical Timeline and - Essay Example 1856: Sacking of Lawrence - The Sacking of Lawrence event occurs on May 21 in Lawrence, Kansas where devastating vandalism was done by pro-slavery supporters in order to put pressure on the territory to vote to support ownership of slaves. 1857: Dred Scott v Sanford - Dred Scott v Sanford is heard in front of the Supreme Court where Dred Scott sues for his freedom based on the premise that he was transported into areas that did not allow slavery so his ownership was therefore invalid. The court decides that 1857: Economic Depression - Economic depression affects the North more than the South, hurting the Democratic Party and setting up the Republican Party for further support and creating a foundation for the election of Abraham Lincoln. 1859: Harpers Ferry Armory - On October16 John Brown leads a raid on the Harpers Ferry Armory in order to arm slaves and create an army sweeping through Virginia and picking up slaves along the way, depleting Virginia of its slaves. The intent was to use the weapons only for defense, but the raid began with bloodshed and was ultimately unsuccessful. As a result of the raid, John Brown was executed by hanging. 1860: Republican Victory - Republican Abraham Lincoln is elected as the 16th President of the United States with only 40% of the vote in a four way contest fueled by the divide between the North and the South. The American Civil War began in 1861 after a series of economic issues, combined with the highly emotional and volatile results of the issue of slavery, resulted in the secession of seven states after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. There were several specific events that created the political environment that would become ripe for the divide. Economic factors that were different in the North than in the South created resentments that caused the initial rift between the two areas of the country. Both the pro-slavery and

Film (movie) analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film (movie) analysis paper - Essay Example But because of the desperation of losing her job as a florist and being impregnated by boyfriend who hesitated to marry her, she took the risk and became a drug mule. The backdrop of the movie provides a broad understanding of the life in rural Colombia, where Maria spent her earlier life. The plot of the film gives a dark feel of the life in the rural environment which includes the overpopulated rural households that struggles to fend for themselves in a country where social mischief caused by drug trade has slumped economic progress. Poverty, socio-political injustice, and violence continue to play a significant role in shaping the social wellbeing of the small country and served as a justification why such a nice girl such as Maria is driven into the drug trade. In addition to the socio-cultural background of poverty that drives people into drug trade, Joshua Marston, the movie director also oriented the audience about the kind of environment Colombia has that induces people to part of the trade etiher as a pusher or a mule. It depicted the pervasiveness of the drug in the country that made the industry so accessible to anyone in despair. It provided the audience understanding that people are not really born drug mules or drug addicts but rather they are just induced and conditioned by their surrounding. Columbia has such an unhealthy environment that makes drug so common that the fear of the criminal and health consequence of being involved in the trade is dulled by its commonality. And this explains why Maria who is such a nice, smart and driven girl would go into the dangerous and illegal drug trade. In contrast, the film also showed the environment of New York to underscore how abject the environment of Colombia is. The greener pastures presented by New York City also inspired the young Colombians to engage in the perilous business, in the hope that one day they will

Estimation of Tranexamic Acid Andethamsylate Using RP-HPLC

Estimation of Tranexamic Acid Andethamsylate Using RP-HPLC Chapter-3 Experimental work 3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK 3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS Table 2. List of Chemical and standers used S.No Chemicals Manufacturer Name Grade 1 Water Processed in Bright Labs HPLC grade 2 Acetonitrile Fisher scientific HPLC grade 3 Orthophosphoric acid Merck GR grade 4 Tranexamic acid Sun pharma ltd BP 5 Ethamsylate Sun pharma ltd USP 6 KH2PO4 Merck GR grade 7 K2HPO4 Merck GR grade 8 Methanol Merck HPLC grade Table 3. List of instruments used S.No Instrumentname Model Number Soft Ware Manufacturers name 1 HPLC-auto sampler-UV detector ACME9000 Auto crome 3000 Youngline 2 Electronic balance Lab India 3 Sonicator CWUC9L 201402822 Spectrum tek 4 Vacuum Pump 28965405-289717 Vacuubrand 5 0.45 µ filter paper HPLC grade Rankem 3.2. Method development for the simultaneous estimation of Tranexamic acid andethamsylate by using RP-HPLC. Selection of mobile phase Selection of detectionwavelength Selection of column Selection of solvent delivery system Selection of flow rate Selection of column temperature Selection of diluent Selection of test concentration and injection volume 3.2.1. Selection of mobile phase Phosphate Buffer: Methanol (30:70) 3.2.2. Selection of wavelength 10mg Tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate were dissolved in mobile phase. The overlay spectrum was used for selection of wavelength for Tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate The iso-bestic point was taken as detection wavelength 286nm. 3.2.3. Selection of column Heart of HPLC made of 316 grade stainless steel packed with stationary phase. Silica based columns with different cross linking’s in the increasing order of polarity are as follows: à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸- Non-polar-moderately polarPolar-à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   C1886 In reverse phase chromatography, hydrophobic interaction between drug molecule and the alkyl chains on the column packing material. Column is selected based on solubility, polarity chemical differences among analytes and Column selected: i.e. X-Bridge C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm), particle size Reasons: Better separation, Good tailing factor. 3.2.4. Selection of solvent delivery system Always preferable solvent delivery system. More chance of getting reproducible result on retention time of analytes. More economic than gradient technique. 3.2.5. Selection of flow rate Acceptable limit: Not more than 2.5 ml/min Flow rate selected was 1.0ml/min Flow rate is selected based on 1. Retention time 2. Column back pressure 3. Peak symmetry. 4. Separation of impurities. Reasons: For earlier elution of analyte and elution of all impurities within 10 min Information from the reference method in literature. 3.2.6. Selection of diluent Selection of diluents is based on the solubility of the analyte Diluent selected: Phosphate Buffer: Methanol (30:70 % v/v) Reason: Analyte is soluble in acetonitrile and water. 3.2.7. Selection of column temperature Preferable temperature is ambient or room temperature. Reasons: To elute all impurities along with analyte with in 10 min of run time. Less retention time Good peak shape Higher theoretical plates. Good resolution. 3.2.8. Selection of test concentration and injection volume Test concentration is finalized after it is proved that API is completely extractable at the selected test concentration. Test concentration is fixed based upon the response of API peak at selected detector wavelength. Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate label claimed 25mg and 50 mg And the test concentration selected is 100ppm Injection volume selected is 20 µL. Reason: good peak area, retention time, peak symmetry Chromatographic trails for simultaneous estimation Tranexamic acid Ethamsylate TRIAL 1 Parameters Method Stationary phase (column) : Kromosil C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm) Mobile Phase : 100% of Methanol Ph : 3.0  ± 0.02 Flow rate (ml/min) : 1.0 Run time (minutes) : 8.0 Column hotness ( °C) : Ambient Volume of injection loop (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l) : 20 Detection wavelength (nm) : 242 Drugs RT (min) : 2.91 4.42 Fig. 4: Trial 1 S.No. Name RT[min] Area[ µV*s] TP TF Resolution 1 Tranexamic Acid 2.9167 491583 7707.5 1.0833 0.0000 2 Ethamsylate 4.4227 1076649 10124.7 1.0124 5.3676 Sum 1568232 Observation: 100% Methanol used for this trial, flow rate was 1ml/min at ambient temperature. Faster elution of the analyte takes place . TRIAL 2 Parameters Method Stationary phase (column) : Inertsil C18 (250 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm) Mobile Phase : 30:70 (Methanol : water) Ph : 3.5  ± 0.02 Flow rate (ml/min) : 1.0 Run time (minutes) : 8.0 Column temperature ( °C) : Ambient Volume of injection loop (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l) : 20 Detection wavelength (nm) : 228 Drugs RT (min) : 2.81 5.34 Fig. 5: Trial 2 S.No. Name RT[min] Area[ µV*s] TP TF Resolution 1 Tranexamic Acid 2.8167 1272583 4707.5 1.0333 0.0000 2 Ethamsylate 5.3467 1952369 9124.7 1.0524 7.1376 Sum 3224952 Observation: Methanol and water was used in the ratio of 70:30. The flow rate was 1ml/min at ambient temperature.Couldn’t get consistent retention time TRIAL 3 Parameters Method Stationary phase (column) : Inertsil C18 (250 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm) Mobile Phase : 30:70 (Methanol : Phosphate Buffer) Ph : 3.0  ± 0.02 Flow rate (ml/min) : 1.0 Run time (minutes) : 15.0 Column temperature ( °C) : Ambient Volume of injection loop (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l) : 20 Detection wavelength (nm) : 236 Drugs RT (min) : 2.86 10.48 Fig. 6: Trial 3 S.No. Name RT[min] Area[ µV*s] TP TF Resolution 1 Tranexamic Acid 2.8627 407583 2307.5 1.2833 0.0000 2 Ethamsylate 10.4802 9792049 9901.7 1.3124 10.2646 Sum 10199632 Observation: Methanol and Phosphate Buffer used in the ratio of (30:70 ) Couldn’t get consistent retention time Discussion: The above trials indicating that RT for the drug was not constant and elution time was faster which not prefered for the analysis. TRAIL 4 Optimizing method Parameters Method Stationary phase (column) : X-Bridge C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm) Mobile Phase : 30:70 (Phosphate Buffer : Methanol) pH : 3.2  ± 0.02 Flow rate (ml/min) : 1.0 Run time (minutes) : 8.0 Column temperature ( °C) : Ambient Volume of injection loop (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l) : 20 Detection wavelength (nm) : 286 Drugs RT (min) : 3.01 5.06 Fig. 7: Developed Chromatogram S.No. Name RT[min] Area[ µV*s] TP TF Resolution 1 Tranexamic Acid 3.0167 1574827 3707.5 1.0833 0.0000 2 Ethamsylate 5.0667 2779277 5124.7 1.0124 8.5376 Sum 4354104 Discussion: All the experiments were complete by the higher than developed method and the consequences were acceptable. Optimized chromatographic conditions for simultaneous estimation of Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate Trail 4: (Optimized Chromatographic Conditions) Parameters Method Stationary phase (column) : X-Bridge C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, packed with 5  µm) Mobile Phase : 30:70 (Phosphate Buffer : Methanol) PH : 3.2  ± 0.02 Flow rate : 1.0 Run time (min) : 8.0 Column temperature ( °C) : Ambient Volume of injection loop (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l) : 20 Detection wavelength (nm) : 286 Drugs RT (min) : 3.01 5.06 Assay procedure Preparation of 0.2M phosphate buffer: Buffer solution prepares by dissolving 2.72g of Potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate (KH2PO4) in 1L of water and the degassing of the solution. Diluents Preparation: 1L of diluents was prepared by mixing 300 ml of 0.02 M Phosphate Buffer and 700 ml of Methanol. Preparation of stock solution: Accurately weighed 10 mg of the both Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate is transferred to 10 ml fresh and dry volumetric flask. The amount was making up to the mark among the Methanol and mixed well. This yielded a stock solution with concentration 1000 ppm of Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate mixture. Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. Then compose up the amount up to the mark among the diluents and mix well. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of Tranexamic Acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Procedure 20à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­Lof the standard and sample was injected into the chromatographic system and areas for the Tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate from the peaks were used for calculating the % assay by using the formulae. Assay calculation AT WS DT P Avg. Wt Assay % = x -x x -x 100 AS DS WT 100 Label Claim Where: AT = Average area counts of sample preparation. AS = Average area counts of standard preparation. WS=Weight of working standard taken in mg. P= Percentage purity of working standard LC = Label Claim of Tranexamic acid , Ethamsylate mg/ml. 3.4 METHOD VALIDATION 3.4.1 ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION Validation parameters Specificity Linearity Range Accuracy Precision System precision Repeatability Intermediate Precision Detection Limit Quantitation Limit Robustness 1. Specificity The system suitability for specificity was carried out to determine whether there are any interference of any impurities in retention time of analytical peak. The study was performed by injecting blank. 2. Linearity The linearity is a systematic method its ability (within a given range) to get assessment results, which are directly relative to the absorption (amount) of analyte in sample. Preparation of standard stock solution: Accurately weighed 10 mg of the both tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate was transferred in to 10 ml fresh and dry volumetric flask. After that the amount was made up to the mark with the Methanol and mix well. This yielded a stock solution amid attention 1000 ppm of tranexamic acid with Ethamsylate mixture. Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock was transferred to 10 ml clean and dry volumetric flask. Then the volume was made up to the mark with the diluent and mixed well. This yielded a standard stock solution with concentrations of 25ppm and 25ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively10 Procedure: Prepared a series of standard solutions not less than five during the particular concentration range along with investigate them like for each method. Acceptance criteria: The correlation coefficient should be not less than 0.9990 3. Range The range of a systematic process is the gap between the superior and lower concentration of analyte in sample for which it has been established to the investigative practice was a suitable level of accuracy, precision and linearity. Acceptance criteria: Linearity, Precision and Recovery should be shown. The logic behind this parameter was – typical concentration range was essential between which the actual concentration should fall when performing real sample analysis.10 4. Accuracy Preparation of standard stock solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transfer to 10 ml fresh and dried volumetric flask. Make up the volume up to mark with the diluents and mix well. The standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Method procedure: Prepared solutions in triplicate at levels 80%, 100% and 120s% of test concentrations using for tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate working Standards as per the test method and injected each solution in triplicate. Sample Are 100 % Recovery = x x 100 Standared Area conc. in % Accuracy normally refers to the difference between the mean of the set of results and the true or correct value for the quantity measured. According to IUPAC accuracy relates to the difference between results (or mean) and the true value. For analytical methods, there are two possible ways of determining the accuracy, absolute method and comparative method. Accuracy is best reported as percentage bias, which is calculated from the expression Procedure: Known amount of drug substance spiked with known amount of standard drug- minimum of three levels (80%, 100% 120% of test concentration), each level was triplicate. Acceptance criteria: Assay recovery should be between 97%-103%.10 5. Precision Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. Subsequently make up the volume up to the mark among the diluent and well mixed. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Method precision: Six individual preparations were prepared using single batch of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate functioning standard as for each test process and injected each one solutions. Injection precision: Solo preparation was prepared using single batch of Tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate effective standard as for each urbanized process in addition to injected six injections10. Acceptance Criteria: 1. RSD should not be more than 2.0% for five replicate injections of standard. 6. Ruggedness Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. Subsequently make up the quantity up to the mark among the diluents and well mix. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Method Procedure: The standard solution was individually prepared as per the test method and injected each solution in six times using different system, analyst, and date. Acceptance Criteria: Overall RSD should not be more than 2.0 %. 7. Limit detection and limit of quantitation LOD: Lowest amount of analyte in a sample that can be detected but not necessarily quanities, under the stated experimental conditions. Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. Then build up the quantity up to the mark with the diluents and mix well. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of Tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Method Procedure: The mobile phase was permissible to run equilibrate with stationary phase up to good baseline was obtained. The different concentration ranging from 0.01 to 0.1ppm of tranexamic acid and 0.01 to 0.1ppm Ethamsylate was injected and peaks were recorded. 0.03 and 0.03ppm for tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate concentrations were detected respectively. LOD can be calculated based on signal-noise ratio,by using following formula LOD = S/N Where, S = Signal Obtained From LOD Solution. N = Average Baseline Noise Obtained from Blank Acceptance criteria for LOD and LOQ RSD Criteria Concentration at which RSD Concentration at which RSD 8. Robustness Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. After that make up the quantity up to the mark with diluent and well mixed. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Method procedure: 1. Flow: The standard solution was prepared and injected for the two times with (+1) flow rate. 2. Mobile Phase: The standard solution was prepared and injected for the two times with (+5) Mobile Phase composition. Appraise of its capability to remain unchanged by minute, but conscious variations in process parameters and provides signal of its reliability during its normal usage. Procedure: samples were analyzed under the following conditions.10 3. Stability studies In the rational design and evaluation of dosage forms for the drugs, the stability of the activity components must be a major criterion in determining their stability. The medicine has to reach the patient in an active and acceptable form maintaining the criteria for acceptable equality. The quality of the product has to be retained as long as the product is offered for sale or for administration to the patient. 10 Acceptance Criteria: Overall RSD should not be more than 2.0 %. 9. System suitability Preparation of standard solution: Accurately amount of 0.25 and 0.25 ml of the tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate stock solution transferred to 10 ml clean and dried volumetric flask. Subsequently make up the amount up to the mark with diluent and well mixed. Finally the standard stock solution with concentrations of 25 ppm and 25 ppm of tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate respectively. Procedure: Standard solution was prepared and injected six times to test the performance of the chromatographic instrument. Acceptance Criteria: 1. RSD should not be more than 2.0% for five replicate injections of standard 2. USP Tailing for tranexamic acid and Ethamsylate peak in not more than 2.0 3. The column efficiency as determined for tranexamic acid and ethamsylate Plate Count should not be more than 2000. Dept.of Pharmaceutical Analysis JNTUA-OTRI, Ananthapuramu Page 1

The Duke And His Duchess Essay -- essays research papers

In Robert Browning's dramatic monologue 'My Last Duchess'; there are two characters that many people can be compared to in the world today. The two characters are Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara and his Duchess. Throughout the monologue the duke is described as being conceited, arrogant and perhaps maybe even psychotic. While his Duchess is the opposite of him, a person who enjoys life and everything it has to offer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Duke is somewhat of a conceited person because of the comments he makes. In one part of the monologue the duke is talking to a Fra Pandolf, an imaginary monk and painter. He says that his presence (the duke) is causing the happiness of the duchess in a painting that the Fra Pandolf is painting. The line says 'Sir, 'twas not her husband's presence only, called that spot of joy into the Duchess Cheek (Lines 13-15).'; Just by reading this remark you know that the duke is a self-centered person that wants attention for him. In lines 34-35 he talks of how his duchess would thank every man that would please her in some sort of way. The duke gets upset at this and says that 'She thanked men – good! But thanked somehow – I know not how – as if she ranked my gift of nine-hundred-years-old name with anybody's gift (Lines 31-34).'; As you can see, the duke gets upset because his duchess thanks the men who pleased her in a manner that that the duke viewe d as inappropriate because he wanted all of her attention fo...